India’s space sector has witnessed remarkable growth and transformation over the past few decades. As of 2023, India has invested approximately 1.5% of its annual budget in space-related activities. This investment is relatively modest compared to the billions spent by major spacefaring nations such as the United States or China, but it reflects a significant commitment considering India’s broader economic context. Despite this, India has emerged as a key player on the global stage, contributing roughly 3% to the global space sector in terms of satellite launches, technology, and services. This rising profile underscores India’s growing influence and strategic importance in global space governance.
International Space Policies and Governance
Space governance refers to the policies, regulations, and international agreements that guide space activities and ensure their responsible use. The international community has developed several key frameworks to manage the exploration and utilization of outer space. The cornerstone of international space law is the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which establishes that space is free for exploration and use by all countries and that no part of space can be claimed by any nation. This treaty lays the foundation for the peaceful use of space and prohibits the deployment of weapons of mass destruction in orbit.
Following the Outer Space Treaty, several additional agreements have been established to address various aspects of space governance. The Rescue Agreement (1968) ensures that astronauts are assisted and returned to their respective countries if they are in distress, while the Liability Convention (1972) sets out the liability of nations for damages caused by their space objects. The Registration Convention (1976) requires states to register space objects with the United Nations, enhancing transparency and accountability. Lastly, the Moon Agreement (1984), though less widely ratified, seeks to regulate the exploration and use of lunar resources, asserting that the Moon and other celestial bodies are the common heritage of all humankind.
These international policies aim to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts in space, but they also face challenges in addressing emerging issues such as space debris, space traffic management, and the commercialization of space. As space becomes increasingly congested and competitive, the need for updated and comprehensive governance mechanisms becomes ever more pressing.
India’s Space Policies and Strategic Objectives
India’s space policy framework is designed to advance its national interests while aligning with international norms. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the nation’s premier space agency, responsible for implementing India’s space program under the guidance of the government. Key policy document – Indian Space Policy, 2023 was released by ISRO to regulate the government’s plan to let private enterprises carry out end-to-end activities – from launching satellites and rockets into space to operating Earth stations.
Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe), in 2023 released the norms, guidelines and procedures (NGP) for implementation of Indian Space Policy, 2023, in respect of authorisation of space activities. The NGP will enhance the government’s efforts to create a stable regulatory environment, ensure transparency, and simplify business operations in the Indian space sector. The NGP document outlines the space activities requiring authorisation from IN-SPACe, details the criteria for granting these authorizations, and provides the guidelines and prerequisites that applicants must meet when applying for authorisation.
International Collaborations and Partnerships
According to the Ministry of Science, Department of Spacecraft, India’s share in the global space economy to rise four times by 2030. International collaborations are a cornerstone of India’s strategy in the global space arena. India has actively engaged in bilateral and multilateral partnerships to enhance its space capabilities and foster international cooperation. These collaborations not only provide access to advanced technologies and expertise but also facilitate shared research and development efforts.
Notable international collaborations include joint missions with countries like the United States, Russia, and various European nations. For example, India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) benefited from data sharing and technical advice from international space agencies. Additionally, India’s participation in the International Space Station (ISS) and the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) underscores its commitment to global cooperation in space exploration. These initiatives allow India to contribute to and benefit from international scientific research and technological advancements.
India’s space policy is characterized by its emphasis on peaceful cooperation and equitable access to space. The Indian government has consistently advocated for the democratization of space technology and has extended support to other developing countries through initiatives such as the South Asia Satellite. This satellite provides services to neighbouring countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, and Sri Lanka, demonstrating India’s commitment to regional cooperation. Furthermore, India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) has been used to launch satellites for various countries, promoting global access to space and fostering international goodwill.
However, there are areas where India can further enhance its role in global space governance. Strengthening international partnerships with emerging space nations, participating in new multilateral forums, and addressing global challenges such as space debris and sustainability will be crucial for India’s continued leadership in space. By engaging in more comprehensive dialogues and collaborative efforts, India can help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for space exploration and utilization.
Conclusion
India has established itself as a significant player in the global space sector through substantial investments, strategic policies, and international collaborations. The nation’s commitment to advancing space technology and fostering international cooperation has positioned it as a key contributor to global space governance. However, to further solidify its role, India must address existing gaps in its space policy framework, enhance alignment with international norms, and foster broader partnerships.
By refining its regulatory frameworks, promoting responsible space activities, and engaging in collaborative efforts with both established and emerging space nations, India can contribute to a more sustainable, cooperative, and inclusive future for space exploration and utilization. As space becomes increasingly vital for technological advancement and international cooperation, India’s proactive approach will be crucial in shaping the global space governance landscape.
